Graphic notation (music)

Graphic notation (or graphic score) is the representation of music through the use of visual symbols outside the realm of traditional music notation. Graphic notation became popular in the 1950s, and can be used either in combination with or instead of traditional music notation.^[1] Graphic notation was influenced by contemporary visual art trends in its conception, bringing stylistic components from modern art into music.^[2] Composers often rely on graphic notation in experimental music, where standard musical notation can be ineffective. Other uses include pieces where an aleatoric or undetermined effect is desired. One of the earliest pioneers of this technique was Earle Brown, who, along with John Cage, sought to liberate performers from the constraints of notation and make them active participants in the creation of the music.^[3]

^ Pryer, Anthony. "Graphic Notation." The Oxford Companion to Music, edited by Alison Latham. Oxford Music Online. 12 April 2011
^ Kojs, Juraj (2011). "Notating Action-Based Music". Leonardo Music Journal. 21: 65–72. doi:10.1162/LMJ_a_00063. ISSN 0961-1215. JSTOR 41416825. S2CID 57570690.
^ Taruskin, Richard. "Chapter 2: Indeterminacy". Oxford History of Western Music. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved April 7, 2018.

[Pryer-1] Pryer, Anthony. "Graphic Notation." The Oxford Companion to Music, edited by Alison Latham. Oxford Music Online. 12 April 2011

[:2-2] Kojs, Juraj (2011). "Notating Action-Based Music". Leonardo Music Journal. 21: 65–72. doi:10.1162/LMJ_a_00063. ISSN 0961-1215. JSTOR 41416825. S2CID 57570690.

[Taruskin-3] Taruskin, Richard. "Chapter 2: Indeterminacy". Oxford History of Western Music. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved April 7, 2018.

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